A wife keeps her own clans name, but neither her clan name nor first name is used after she is married. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. (Traditionally, infants and toddlers in many Southeast Asian countries have wear amulets or protection strings around their necks, wrists, or waists. The dialects take their names from the differences in style and color of men and womens traditional clothing. At marriage the bride joins her husbands household. People greet each other verbally and men shake hands. But what seemed like a teenage gang killing last February struck some as being symbolic of something much more malignant. Traditionally, the engagement follows a strict protocol of negotiations held between the brides parents and the groom, with the support of his male relatives. Shamans are people who mediate between the visible and spirit worlds through ritual practices conducted for purposes of healing, divination, and control over natural events . The negotiation and gift of bride wealth is a tradition still practiced by most Hmong in the United States, and can amount to a large sum of money and other gifts. New villages could be a considerable distance away from a groups previous locale. Hmong is an advanced oral language and highly expressive; it includes proverbs, poem-songs, plain language of morality tales and ancestral stories, flowery speech of elders, code speech of sweethearts, and antique language of wedding and funeral rituals. It is very common for Hmong families to visit one another without setting up an appointment. Remembering ancestors, their accomplishments and their sufferings, and preserving traditional ways are highly important. (Vue, L. & Lor, K., 2006). Rice is a staple in Hmong cuisine. Adult and elderly males are looked upon for wisdom and skills for handling marital conflicts and problems within the community. Corrections? If you compare Mongolians to south Han Chin. Since clan identity passes from the father to children, a person is allowed to marry into their mothers clan and there is a custom of doing this. Refugee arrivals peaked at 27,000 in 1980. (Hmong Cultural Center, 2000) The number of clans is commonly said to be 18, though 12 may be considered the main clans. See also China: People. People may consider the amount of blood in the body to be finite and not rejuvenating, and they may resist blood draws. To smile when meeting a Hmong person is considered warm, welcoming and friendly, though laughing or speaking roughly may be considered a sign of insincerity and rudeness. Spirits of nature include mountains, trees, streams, valleys, caves, ponds, and winds. Having a youthful-looking face a babyface, as it were is desirable. Ancestral spirits include any deceased member of the family. By the late 20th century, shifting cultivation had become impracticable except in a few remote areas. Shamans communicate messages from spirits to the persons affected, and vice versa. "In California, the celebration lasts a week and 100,000 people will be there," Lor said. The fathers naming ceremony and the naming ceremony for the child is combined for Green Hmong, while White Hmong usually do two separate ceremonies. The guideline was drafted by clan leaders with the help of Fresno lawyers. However, the U.S. did not fully acknowledge the Hmong role in the war until the early 1980s. Furthermore, during the first 30 days, a new mom is not permitted to visit other homes. Traditionally, women are hard working and hospitable, primarily caring for the household and raising children, not going to school or holding a job outside the home. A couple may elope if the girl is trying to avoid an unwanted union or when the parents do not consent to the union of a couple who wish to be together. Other healing techniques include massage, coining or spooning (rubbing an area vigorously with a silver coin or spoon), and cupping (applying negative suctioning pressure on the skin with a cup). Hmong were victims or witnesses to terror bombings, murder, rape, drowning, starvation, displacement and discrimination. 1729 Canal Street Merced, CA 95340 The remaining Hmong still have no official status in Thailand and the Thai government has tried to force them back to Laos where they fear for their safety. The altar is assumed to be the place in the house to which ancestors return. Even women who are shamans and herbalists and whose talents and skills are acknowledged by the community dont have the same status as the men. The differences in dialects are due to the geographic separation of Hmong living in China. The New Years game typically provided an outlet for the emergence of more intense romances. In Southeast Asia rows of unmarried boys and girls play catch with a cloth ball, while in China there is the beating back and forth of a feather shuttlecock. A new study published in PLOS Genetics compares genomic factors underlying facial features in East Africans and Europeans to reveal unique and common factors, enhancing our understanding of how . It was somewhat common in Laos and Thailand for a younger woman to marry an older man. (Hmong Cultural Center, 2000), Having children is important in Hmong culture. For more detailed information on geriatrics and older Hmong Americans, see Stanfords Ethnogeriatrics Health and Health Care of Hmong American Older Adults - Stanford. See: Consider Lead and Other Heavy Metal Toxicities in the Evaluation of Nonspecific Symptoms. In the US, having drinks during family meals is similar to American meals. By the late 20th century there was greater proximity between the cultural groupsmore intermarriage occurred and mixed settlements had become commonplaceyet the sense of difference between the divisions still remained strong. The affinity of sub clan members to each other is great. In general, Hmong Catholics are more likely than Hmong Protestants to accommodate some forms of traditional animist practices within their new faith framework. (Culhane-Pera, et.al., 2003) This talks about how a hospital in Merced, California is welcoming the role of Hmong shamans. As she ages, a woman may lose some status with more marital conflicts. Due to respect, a widow cannot marry her husbands older brother because he is like a parent to her has higher birth status than her husband . Traditionally, the stigma of being called an old maid is a factor for girls marrying very young. Funeral rites may last several days, and there is a series of mortuary rituals that takes place some years after a death. In the Hmong culture, one must respect and try to consider what the parents are saying no matter how old he/she is. There are some university-level courses offered in the language. The Hmong believe spirit types include ancestral spirits, house spirits, spirits in nature, as well as evil spirits. A widow may marry her dead husbands younger brother and continue to have children. The girl would sometimes reply with her own mouth harp or another instrument, and the dialogue sometimes continued for hours. Evidence suggests the Hmong lived in Siberia as similarities are seen between the Hmong and Siberian shaman practices. Human souls are differentiated from spirits and are the spiritual energy inside a persons body, believed to dwell in the physical world. When entering a Hmong home during mealtime, guests will be invited to join the family in eating. Chinese text suggests the Hmong originated in 2300 B.C. In the modern day, specifically in the US, as many children and parents become independent, there is tendency to live in separate houses. Hmong shamans perform ritual trances in order to figure out the causes of illnesses for the purpose of treating the effects. This process continues, if required, until the conflict is satisfactory solved. 19.3.2 Facial-Feature Detection. Marriage roles: As with the overall general trend in the US, there is increasing number of men taking on childcare responsibilities while the wife works outside of the home. Traditionally, the norm in marriage is to raise families with large numbers of children. They have darker brown eye color to almost black. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. The original home of the Hmong is thought to have been in the Huang He (Yellow River) basin of central China. This payment acts as a sanction on her behaviour; if it can be shown that she has misbehaved (for example, by cheating on her husband or by running away for no good reason), the husbands family can demand its return. To foster understanding of the medical exams or diagnosis, visual aids of the human body part related to health condition must be used to accompany the information. The newborn may therefore be greeted by expressions such as you are ugly in order to fool the spirits and protect the baby. A drum is beaten, the reed pipes are played, and a special ritual expert is invited to sing the song Opening the Way, which will guide the reincarnating soul of the deceased back to the original village of ancestors, from where it will be reborn. The Hmong are members of an ethnic group that have not had a country of their own. They sold opium to itinerant traders, usually Chinese, in return for silver. The Hmong language is divided into two main dialects, Green Hmong (sometimes called Blue Hmong) and White Hmong. This negative image continues to taint families in the US. Secondly, she gains status by having lots of sons. Food and Drug Administration. He may not necessarily be the most educated but is someone who holds the respect of others because he cares for the people and is just and fair. Southeast Asian Mutual Assistance Association Coalition (SEAMAAC) Distinctions among various kinds of rice are found in Hmong language new rice, sweet rice, purple rice, sticky rice, rice in field, harvested rice. Hmong people are traditionally not individualistically oriented, but identify the self as a member of the family, clan and community. This is still practiced by some clan members. The Annamite Mountains form an eastern border with Vietnam. (Culhane-Pera, et .al., 2003), When dealing with a Hmong family, confidentiality is considered to be a very important issue. This is an on-line learning module, but you can download the module as a PDF and print the cultural profile by filling out a short survey. (Culhane-Pera, et.al., 2003). But when the Chinese began limiting their. It is considered to be impolite to simply decline a drink, food or gift offered to you. more than $8000). Some family members may learn to call a soul home. Family members share their experiences and seek support from one another. Whether the guest wants to eat or not, he or she should take part in the meal, just taking a bite or two will make the family happy. Typically, a girl is expected to follow her parents wishes about whom she should marry. As mentioned above, traditionally, infants and toddlers in many Southeast Asian countries have worn amulets or protection strings around their necks, wrists, or waists. If the patient, especially an elder Hmong person, does not receive any medicine, it is appropriate to explicitly explain to the patient the reason no medication is given. Over centuries, people migrated south into Tibet and China, in the provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Hunan. 15225 E. 17 Ct Hostile spirits, spells, curses and a violation of taboos are other factors believed to cause illness. He is considered by some to be the Hmong paramount leader. Westerners have jaws that are less sharp and lips that are wider looking. Thousands of Hmong tried to escape from Laos across the Mekong River into Thailand. Watch for a taboo sign outside the front of the house indicating the family should not be disturbed because the house is being protected from evil spirits. Contributor(s): Long Vue, MPH, Health Educator Due to his record in Laos during the Vietnam War, the Hmong all over the world have heard of him or have respect for the man. Youth/Generational conflicts: Children raised in the US have more understanding of the English language, American history and values portrayed by the media. People work to earn a living. People converted for various reasons to please their Christian resettlement sponsors, to qualify for private school scholarships or in response to the difficulty of performing traditional rituals. Traditionally, Hmong men receive their adult names after the first child is born. Children generally grow up with their needs responded to quickly and help in the work of a family at a young age. Many people drowned or were killed. Several levels of community are identifiable in the Hmong social structure worldwide: clan, sub-clan, ceremonial households, extended families, and nuclear families. Hmong Association of Washington When a man and woman grow old and unable to perform all the responsibilities as heads of household, their son and his wife assume the roles. Economics/jobs: Many parents must both work in order to earn a living or to pursue their economic goals, leaving many teenage kids home alone. Wrist/neck stringing is when a string (usually a thin white yarn or woven red cloth) is tied to a persons wrist (or neck) to bring good luck and health. After a general anesthetic, it may be necessary to perform a soul calling ceremony in the operating room. In both ceremonies, animals are sacrificed in thanks for the child and his/her souls. From main page access theOnline Research Library at http://www.hmonglibrary.org/. It is a community-gathering place, and offers programs for children such as after school tutoring and classes in traditional dance, language and arts. The Hmong also cultivated hemp, which they used to make clothing. Date Authored: May 01, 2007 In Laos, the Hmong lived more closely to each other and learned to communicate and understand each other across the dialects. The groom enlists the help of his male clan relatives to raise the dowry. Extended families often live together under the same roof, though may separate to different dwellings as siblings marry and have children. He is someone who knows all the rules and norms of the culture. Hmong veterans continue to struggle with the lack of equal recognition and benefits for their sacrifices compared to U.S. vets, Vang said, which has become a "long-standing fight and struggle . Domestic violence is the only problem in which family members and clan leaders still try to resolve it first before resorting to the US legal system. Physical activity post-partum is also restricted, as this may cause internal organs to collapse. New York & London: Routledge. Law enforcement: Police officers may be perceived as frightening authority figures and bearers of bad news. Traditionally, Hmong use home therapies for common aliments. For several thousand years, the Hmong lived relatively independently while paying tribute to the Chinese government. Elders may be less respected and feel depressed about their lesser place in the family. Fellow clan members regard each other as brother and sister. No fruit, vegetables or cold drinks are allowed. For example, when the brides brother greets the groom, they both must drink to seal the greeting. Three days after a child is born, an important elder man or woman in the community conducts a ceremony to call the childs soul into their body, to welcome the child to the family and to thank the fairy godmother (Niam Nkauj Kab Yeeb) that is believed to have sent the child to earth. When the guest leaves, they are encouraged to come back and visit (mus hos tuaj). The Plain of Jars in the northeast and the Bolovens Plateau in the southern panhandle sit about three thousand feet above sea level. Retrieved September 19, 2006, Hmong National Development, Inc. & Hmong Cultural Resource Center (2003). The beautiful embroidery and appliqu work from the mountains of Laos is now, with different colors and mingling of styles, applied to pillow covers, bedspreads, jackets, aprons, and other useful items. Hmong are restricted from marrying someone in their same clan. Babies were weaned when another child was born. Hmong society is organized through a number of patrilineal clans with Chinese surnames such as Li, Wang, and Yang. Shaman ceremonial tools include a gong and a wooden bench, and rituals involve going into trance, long chanting, and sacrificing animals, usually chickens or pigs. In the US, many Hmong now use the Western pattern of the given name first, followed by the clan name, and some women adopt their husbands clan name as their own. Many of these large-scale Hmong New Year celebrations also include fashion shows. WASAU, Wis. - Fifteen-year old Dylan Yang had stabbed and killed 13-year-old Isaiah Powell after the two became involved in a Facebook feud. The thinking of community leaders and health professionals is that gardens can help foster resiliency and a sense of purpose for refugees, especially older ones, who are often isolated by language and poverty and experiencing depression and post-traumatic stress. The organization was established by a coalition of Mien, Hmong and Khmuu people in May 2005, after eight years of planning. (Cha, 2003), Rituals such as wrist/neck stringing, soul calling and shamanic trance are still carried out by the American Hmong. The larger the clan the more services it is able to offer its members including help finding jobs and apartments. In Laos, bottle-feeding was not an option for Hmong mothers due to the high cost and inaccessibility of formula and cows milk. The American government shouldn't make the decision. Some Christian Hmong label traditional animist practices as sinful. Often these rebellions have been associated with the belief that a messianic leader of the Hmong is about to be born, the imminence of which is announced by a prophet who validates his claim by discovering a form of writing for the Hmong language. For important ceremonies, the head of the table in not on midway on the side but is at the end corner of the side that is closest to where the altar is placed. Marriage to a young girl or young boy from a family where the father and/or mother smokes opium is discouraged due to the association of poverty with opium smokers. (Donnelly, 2006). In addition, Hmong is mono-syllabic so one syllable represents one word or meaning. Learn more about theannual Hmong New Year Celebration at Seattle Center. A strict protocol is to be followed for the marriage ceremony, which centers on showing respect to both families. It is rare that Hmong families in the U.S. live where they first settled; like most immigrant groups with few resources, the Hmong began to cluster together with relatives and other families once in the U.S. Minnesota appears to have attracted the strongest percentages of Hmong from various regions throughout the country between 1995-2000. One common event among Hmong living in the US is Hmong New Year celebration. Traditional animists may be more willing to attend Christian rituals than their Christian counterparts are willing to attend animist rituals. In the United States, youth use the telephone and email instead of the traditions of ritualized flirting and communication. The New Year, which starts on the 30th day of the 12th lunar month, is a time for honouring the familys ancestral and household spirits, and for the family to remain together, but also for visiting other villages and playing communal games. An adult male is expected to have full knowledge of traditional values passed from his father or male relative. Variations in rituals are found in the practices among different clans and lineages and are passed down from generation to generation through oral tradition. Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine for Use in Individuals 12 Years of Age and Older -- Fact Sheet for Recipients and Caregivers - Hmoob (Hmong) PDF. (Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health at the University of Queensland, 2003), Traditionally, the woman is kept warm for three days post-partum, and touching cold water is prohibited. Hmong teach their children to be well behaved in the presence of guests. In Laos, opium is used as a treatment drug to cure muscle aches after a hard day of farm work or severe injury to the body. Retrieved September 19, 2006, from Queensland Health website. Hmong health professionals consider this new habit of drinking juice, punch, sodas and/or alcoholic drinks during meals to be a factor for the rising diabetes and chronic diseases among many Hmong adults and elder people. These games may lead to further meetings between a young couple and eventually to marriage. Traditionally, young pregnant women are encouraged not to inform others about the pregnancy due to a fear of evil spirits that would endanger the pregnancy leading to spontaneous abortion. I had the idea" Critical health issues for Hmong people in the US include diabetes, high blood pressure, kidney problems, hepatitis A, and mental health. However, within the family itself, confidentiality may not be thought of as all that important and families may make care-giving decisions together. They may not say no directly even if that is what they mean, and may say okay or yes when they actually mean no but feel pressured. In the United States, the changing roles between the young and the old has altered the traditional social structure, with older members relying on the younger people for language and income assistance. Traditional costumes are optional for men, but most of the women wear traditional clothing, said Lor. Hmong, ethnic group living chiefly in China and Southeast Asia and speaking Hmong, one of the Hmong-Mien languages (also known as Miao-Yao languages). Saykao, P. (1997). Traditionally, Hmong graves can be a mound of earth on which tree branches are piled to protect disruption by animals, a mound of earth surrounded by a wooden fence, or a mound protected by boulders, the type depending on sub-clan funeral tradition. Hmong women may refuse vaginal examinations, especially by male doctors. In the U.S. problems of iron-deficiency in children older than 1 year old have occurred when parents continue to give bottles of cows milk in the same quantities as formula had been given, in lieu of a more iron-rich diet of solid foods. Marrying someone who a family disapproves of can bring shame and bad reputation not just for the individual but for the family too. Hmong Association of Oregon Traditionally Hmong women processed the hemp into thread, wove the cloth, which was usually batik-dyed, and made the clothing. In particular surgery may conflict with beliefs that a person needs all his/her body parts for reincarnation, that surgery weakens the body or leaves the body open to evil spirits entering. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. A boy often would concentrate attention on a certain girl. In some cases, marriages have broken up and the risk of domestic violence has increased in the face of pressure brought by changes in gender status. The sub clan is divided into smaller groups of families, or ceremonial households, who share the same ancestor. Though a minority language in China, Hmong may have influenced spoken Chinese. Mote, S. M. (2004) Hmong and American: Stories of Transition to a Strange Land (pp.80-81, 283-286). Many Hmong are taking advantage of the modern healthcare services available in the US, though there is still disparity especially among adults with limited English skills. While having a big family is valued, it does not necessarily lead to higher status. He cannot think of anything that makes today . Men are entrusted with performing rituals of ancestor worship, such as calling the names of ancestors during occasions like New Year, weddings, christenings, new harvests, and family feasts, invoking the dead kin to take part in these events and bring protection and good fortune to the family and household. In Washington State, less than 12 percent of Hmong receive public assistance. Since the late 18th century, the Hmong alone among the Miao groups have slowly migrated out of the southern provinces of China, where about 2.7 million still remain. See also: , an article by M. Warner and M. Mochel discussing the linguistic and cultural barriers the Hmong encounter when they attempt to access the health care delivery system in Merced County, CA.
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