CIVIL WAR Antique FRENCH Model 1822 Percussion Converted .69 RIFLED MUSKET French Army LIGHT INFANTRY Musket w/BAYONET, Antique CIVIL WAR Springfield U.S. Model 1863 .62 Cal. A really nice Trapdoor made in 1886. Rifle-MUSKET Primary Infantry Weapon of the American Civil War, CONFEDERATE SPRINGFIELD Model 1816 BRAZED BOLSTER Conversion MUSKET c1818 Civil War Period Update of a Flintlock Musket. Barrel and receiver are a light grey patina with pin-prick surface oxidat, "Rare Springfield Model 1880 .45-70 Trapdoor Rifle with Experimental Triangular Bayonet. } As such, it is sometimes classified as just a variant of the Model 1861. All original and matching early Krag manufactured in 1896. Traces of case coloring are visi, "NSN, circa 1866, .45-70, 32.75"" round barrel. My grandfather purchased this rifle in Nelson County sometime in the 1950's. I have had it since 1980. Case colored, Springfield Trap Door Model 1873 - 45-70 - Stk #P-34-78, Antique U.S. SPRINGFIELD Model 1866 .50-70 GOVT ALLIN Conversion TRAPDOOR Rifle Made Famous During the INDIAN WARS, ONE OF THE VERY LAST OF THE 45-70 TRAPDOOR SPRINGFIELD RIFLES, 1888 "ROD BAYONET" MODEL, MADE 1893, "Springfield Trapdoor Sporting Rifle (AL4061), Springfield ~ Model 1884 ~ .45-70 Government, Antique U.S. SPRINGFIELD Model 1884 TRAPDOOR .45-70 GOVT Caliber Rifle Chambered in the Original .45-70 GOVT, Trapdoor Rifle Conversion to Sporting Rifle (Buffalo Gun), "U.S. Springfield Model 1865 Trapdoor rifle .58RF (AL8163), INDIAN WARS Antique SPRINGFIELD Model 1868 Breech Loading TRAPDOOR Rifle With 1870 Dated Breech with LEATHER SLING, U. S. Springfield ~ 1873 Trapdoor Rifle ~ .45-70 Govt, INDIAN WARS Antique U.S. SPRINGFIELD M1868 Breech Loading TRAPDOOR Rifle 1863 Dated Lock & 1870 Dated Breech with BAYONET, "Very fine Springfield Allin Conversion 2nd Model (AL4469), INDIAN WARS Antique U.S. SPRINGFIELD M1868 Breech Loading TRAPDOOR Rifle 1863 Dated Lock & 1870 Dated Breech MILITARY Rifle, "U.S. Springfield Model 1873 Trapdoor .45-70 (AL8131), SPRINGFIELD TRAP DOOR ALLIN CONVERSION 50-70 CALIBER MODEL 1866. Adopted by the US Army as a successor to the Models 1873, 1875, and 1880 rifles. There are dozens of other websites I could recommend but Im reluctant because the prices could be much higher because the weapons for sale are not entry level.you should be able to find a entry level Springfield for between $800 to 1300.of course there are many that sell for much more but they are not entry leveldue to the fact that they are in excellent condition, or theres provenance associated with it, or maybe theres something unique about itI gather from your email thats not what your looking for. 40" barrel. Show Only Non-Guns. This is a GORGEOUS and RARE Springfield Armory SA-52 Service Grade, one of what is believed to be only 6000 ever made (compared to the MIlLIONS of Garands made overall). RIFLE-MUSKET c1864 TYPE II MUSKET, CIVIL WAR Antique U.S. BURNSIDE Model 1864 5th Model SADDLE RING Carbine Classic PERCUSSION Carbine Made in Providence, RI, CIVIL WAR Era Antique FRENCH MUTZIG Arsenal Model 1840 PERC. If you could forward high resolution photos I will do my best in helping you with value. RIFLE MUSKET. #gallery-1 img { Kevin, I would need to see images of the weapon before I could give any thoughts. SPRINGFIELD 1863 RIFLE & BAYONET - C47723 SKU: C47723 $800.00 $720.00 (You save $80.00) SPRINGFIELD ARMORY - RIFLES $800.00 $720.00 (You save $80.00) SKU: C47723 Caliber: 50-70 Caliber Action: Single shot FirearmType: Rifle LicenseType: ANT Current Stock: 1 Quantity: Wishlist Overview Product Description Iron mountings. All original with the scarce and desirable 1861 date. Model 1866 US Breech Loading Rifle Transfer: A VERY FINE 2ND MODEL ALLIN TRAP DOOR: A, CIVIL WAR 1863 CONTRACT SPRINGFIELD MUSKET, U.S. Springfield .58 caliber centerfire Model, SPRINGFIELD RIFLE. Metal is in the white with smooth pin-prick oxidation noted. Here we present an antique John H. Krider Full Stock Percussion Militia Rifle made, A vintage mid 19th Century 12ga double hammer percussion hsotgun with 30" damascus barrels with exterior finish of dark grey and some areas of very fine surface pits from handlinhg, but shows up, CIVIL WAR Antique U.S. BURNSIDE 4th Model .54 Caliber SADDLE RING Carbine Designed By Union General Ambrose E. Burnside Here we present an antique Burnside 4th Model Percussion Car, TOWER MARKED Antique BRITISH ENFIELD Pattern Infantry .60 Caliber CARBINE Liege Proofed CIVIL WAR DATED 1863 Here we present an antique British Issued Tower Marked Enfield Pattern Two Band, I am offering a very nice M1857 Spanish Enfield short rifle like the ones imported for the Civil War. Civil War 1861 1863 Springfield Musket Rifle Hammer Free Shipping. #gallery-1 { Bore has areas of frosting in the grooves. Perc. Full length. float: left; I forget to mention, I live in St Louis, if you know anyone in that area who may be interested in something like this. This example looks like it was simpl, "Springfield Trapdoor Sporting Rifle .40-65 caliber. I saw your post online and was wondering if you could tell the value of a U.S MODEL 1863 .58 CALIBER CIVIL WAR MUSKET with attached bayonet and leather shoulder strap; has been passed down in our family for years. Description: For sale is an Indian Wars era US Springfield Trapdoor rifle in 50-70 caliber. Adopted by the US Army as a successor to the Models 1873, 1875, and 1880 rifles. US Springfield M1863 58 Caliber Musket Trigger Guard with Swivel and Trigger Pre-Owned $169.99 Seller: curtsgunshop (25,521) 99.4% or Best Offer +$6.95 shipping Sponsored 1 Original Model 1863 Springfield .58 Caliber Musket Upper Band (No Screw) Pre-Owned $15.00 Seller: movieman630 (13,819) 99.7% Buy It Now Free shipping Sponsored Cal Rifles For Sale Rifles Cal with a high bid of $100.00 or MORE. Do you know ballpark how much this might be worth? This gun is in very fine original condition. border: 2px solid #cfcfcf; E263 Trapdoor just means it loads at the breech of the weapon generally with a breechblock that pivots forward. All Types (1000+) Thanks for getting back to me. What do you think? Featured Gun Classifieds Springfield Rifles - Antique, U.S. Springfield "1863" marked on lockplate.Early 13,XXX serial range. My account; Menu. I purchased this rifle back in the 70s at an estate sale. Military Rifle Early Repeater Famous During Civil War & Wild West, "Sharps Conversion Sporting Rifle (AL4202), CIVIL WAR Antique NORWICH ARMS Contract U.S. M1861 Percussion Rifle-MUSKET James D. Mowry U.S. Model 1861 EVERYMANS RIFLE, U.S. REMINGTON MODEL 1863 "ZOUAVE" CIVIL RIFLE. EAGLE ON BREECH BOLT WITH, This second type U.S. Model 1884 trapdoor cadet rifle was manufactured in 1890. .30-40 U.S. cal. Opens in a new window or tab. Early Krag with Type II cleaning rod in overall very good condition. CATALOG CODE: BAW92265CMCFDA. Joe, U.S. Springfield ~ Model 1884 ~ .45-70 Government. These rarely seen rifles are easily recognized because of their unique rear sight. The makings say 1863 on the back side of the hammer.but also stamped 1864 on side/ of hammer. Of course, Im not holding you to anything. US Springfield 1863 Rifle (1869 Trapdoor Conversion) View Item in Catalog Lot #226 (Sale Order: 226 of 433) Sold for: $480.00 to onsite "Tax, Shipping & Handling and Internet Premium not included. Very fine 2nd model Allin conversion. It has a 16" barrel and matte black finish. Metal is a dull white finish that has been lightly cleaned some time ago. Id love to find l a low to mid quality rifle (financial constraints), preferably a Springfield. The Nicholas Wolf Springfield Rifle/ Musket. It has a 24" barrel and matte black finish. / 410ga. RIFLE-MUSKET c1864 TYPE II MUSKET, "Extremely Rare Springfield 1882 Chaffee-Reese Rifle (AL7181), "Springfield Trapdoor Sporting Rifle (AL4061), Springfield ~ Model 1884 ~ .45-70 Government, Antique U.S. SPRINGFIELD Model 1884 TRAPDOOR .45-70 GOVT Caliber Rifle Chambered in the Original .45-70 GOVT, INDIAN WARS Antique SPRINGFIELD Model 1868 Breech Loading TRAPDOOR Rifle With 1870 Dated Breech with LEATHER SLING, U. S. Springfield ~ 1873 Trapdoor Rifle ~ .45-70 Govt, Springfield Armory 1851 Cadet Musket .57 Percussion, CONFEDERATE SPRINGFIELD Model 1816 BRAZED BOLSTER Conversion MUSKET c1818 Civil War Period Update of a Flintlock Musket, "Very fine Springfield Allin Conversion 2nd Model (AL4469). I have been told that this particular rifle was modified after the Civil War. This includes 1 32-round Big bucks were spent on this one. Title. The carbine was picked up in Neva, Guns Listing ID: 719337Antique Springfield 1884 Trapdoor Carbine Rifle. Stock shows nicks, dings and handling wear. Can I sell something like this? Thank you for your patience! There may have been something over looked while writing a description that your salesman will catch for you. Porter Inspected Trapdoor, Many Used in Spanish-American War Here we present an antique, Springfield 1873 Trapdoor, chambered in 45-70 government, manufactured in late 1880 with 22" barrel $75 for insured shipping No sales or shipping to California, Hawaii, New Jersey, New York, "NSN, chambered in 50-70 Govt. 83410, made in 1878, .45-70, 32.5"" round proofed barrel with bluing starting to thin, beautiful case coloring is noted on the breech. I can feel the history from this pieceand I think it begging to be recognised. Tim, Lock stamped U.S. This brand new Springfield Armory SAINT Victor (STV91609B) is a semi-automatic rifle which fires the 9mm round. This includes 1 30-round magazine, fli NIB Springfield Waypoint 2020 6.5MM Creedmoor. 318 3 Image (s) Euroarms U.S. Model 1863 Remington Zouave Rifle Cal. Price Realized: Details Payment Terms Shipping. Antique U.S. SPRINGFIELD ARMORY Model 1847 Percussion ARTILLERY MUSKETOON MEXICAN AMERICAN WAR / CIVIL WAR Musket! Lock plate is dated 1841. Block & barrel 36 inches long. No Reserve. Only 1011 of these rifles were manufactured. Civil War Springfield Rifle-Musket Barrel Band, camp of 48th NYV, S Carolina. SCARCE CIVIL WAR HARPERS FERRY U.S. MODEL 1855 PERCUSSION RIFLE DATED 1859. Top gun is 54 i, "NSN, circa 1840s, .74 caliber, 40.5"" round barrel. U. S. Springfield ~ 1873 Trapdoor Rifle ~ .45-70 Govt "U.S. Springfield Model 1879 Trapdoor Carbine .45-70 (AL8069), "U.S. Springfield Model 1868 Trapdoor rifle .50-70 (AL8057), Springfield 45-70 Trapdoor Desirable Spike Bayonet model ** Free Shipping** Antique, U.S. MODEL 1866 SECOND MODEL ALLIN CONVERSION RIFLE BY SPRINGFIELD ARMORY, US SPRINGFIELD 1866 SECOND MODEL ALLIN CONVERSION IN 50-70, U.S Springfield Arsenal Model 1868 .50-70 Government, 1891 mfr. Thanks so much for your help. Classified Ad (1000+), Search Full Text of Listings Thank you for the kind words about my blog, Im glad it was helpful to you. Custom thumbhole stock with rose colored foretip and and gripcap. The bolster/trigger guard has been braized and it may possibly be a cone in conversioni have tried to find info on it but I seem to be directed to different models. I have a 1843 Springfield that use to be a flintlock. My husband loved his rifles, but I never paid much attention to them, which I regret now. 1864 dated lock. Featured Gun Classifieds Civil War Rifles, THIS BURNSIDE 54 CALIBER CARBINE IS A TRANSITIONAL MODEL WITH A 3RD MODEL BARREL AND A 4TH MODEL BREECH. The stock has very deep and clear cartouches. Please see the attachment Ive included below. Do you agree with my friends above assessment? It contains a small bag of percussion caps. I sighted the gun in with 40 grains FFFg. Rifle-MUSKET Primary Infantry Weapon of the American Civil War Here we present an antique U.S. Model 1861 Contract Rifle-Musket, CONFEDERATE SPRINGFIELD Model 1816 BRAZED BOLSTER Conversion MUSKET c1818 Civil War Period Update of a Flintlock Musket Here we present an antique Springfield U.S. Model 1816, SALE PENDING..PRE SALE, AVAIL. Porter Inspected Trapdoor, Many Used in Spanish-American War, Springfield 1873 Trapdoor, 45-70gov, 1880MFR, "U.S. Springfield 2nd Allin Conversion Trapdoor 50-70 (AL8036), Springfield ~ Model 1888 Trapdoor ~ .45-70 Government. 1 (208) 602-6027; info@oldarmsofidaho.com; Products search. .45-70 Government Single Shot Caliber. Superb condition with 98% original blue. Barrels original blue is starting to thin with areas of mottled oxidation visible. In the ear Comes with (1) 10rnd magazine We have powder, primers, brass and bullets available as well, call to inquire. Antique US SPRINGFIELD Model 1888 TRAPDOOR Rifle RAMROD BAYONET S.W. Metal is a light grey patina with scattered oxidation noted. Cal. The barrel showing 99% original blue, the lock and hammer with brilliant case colo, Antique U.S. SPRINGFIELD ARMORY Model 1847 Percussion ARTILLERY MUSKETOON Mid-MEXICAN AMERICAN WAR / CIVIL WAR Musket! Your email address makes me think that you are my sons age! It is in surprisingly nice condition .45-70 Government, INDIAN WARS Antique U.S. SPRINGFIELD M1868 Breech Loading TRAPDOOR Rifle 1863 Dated Lock & 1870 Dated Breech with BAYONET Here we present a Springfield U.S. Model 1868 Trapdoor, "Very fine Springfield Allin Conversion 2nd Model. Clear. 58 Cal Civil War Rifled, SPRINGFIELD MODEL 1863. Springfield Model 1864 Lock Assembly | Factory . Do you have any good advice or leads on where to find a rifle like this. 58 cal. . Antique U.S. SPRINGFIELD ARMORY Model 1847 Percussion CAVALRY Musketoon Late-MEXICAN AMERICAN WAR / CIVIL WAR Musket! Below see a number of links Ive included to help with your searchif you dont see anything in your price range be patienteventually you will. See photos for condition. Leah, The C and number 10 stamped on the butt plate means C Company, 10th gun. Springfield made gun dated 1839 that has been converted to percussion. All nickel parts retain a nice aged metal patina with .Click for more info Seller: LeRoy Merz Antique Guns Area Code: 218 $1,175.00 Springfield Rifles - Antique NEW TODAY! Wood is very good. After the gun was zeroed, I tinkered with the charge and that the barrel seems to like 42 grains behind a .576 Hodgdon . "U.S. Springfield Model 1855 rifled-musket .58 caliber (AL8121), "U.S. Springfield Model 1873 Trapdoor .45-70 (AL8131), SPRINGFIELD TRAP DOOR ALLIN CONVERSION 50-70 CALIBER MODEL 1866, "U.S. Springfield Model 1840 Musket (AL4970), "U.S. Springfield Model 1795 Type II (AL4975), "U.S. Model 1882 Chaffee-Reese by Springfield 45-70 (AL8150), "U.S. Springfield Model 1871 War-Burton 50-70 (AL8145), "Rare Springfield Model 1880 .45-70 Trapdoor Rifle (AL4134), Antique U.S. SPRINGFIELD Model 1888 TRAPDOOR Rifle with RAMROD BAYONET STEVEN W. PORTER Inspected Trapdoor, Antique U.S. SPRINGFIELD Model 1866 .50-70 GOVT ALLIN Conversion TRAPDOOR INDIAN WARS Rifle with SOCKET BAYONET. Stock shows nicks, dings and handling wear. I enjoyed some of the information, but couldnt find what I was looking for until your offer to help with information. Perc. This prior CMP rifle is barrel marked SA 8-29. This gun is all original with the exception of the door with the e, "Springfield Model 1816 converted to percussion. CIVIL WAR Antique UNION & CONFEDERATE Tower ENFIELD Pattern 1856 SHORT RIFLE 1861 Dated 2-BAND Pattern 1856 SERGEANTS RIFLE, CIVIL WAR Era Antique ALLEN & WHEELOCK .42 Cal. People would usually use it to match the metal up with an original start, thus making an original gun. http://www.gunbrokers.com, http://www.lodgewoodmfg.com. Lock plate is marked in ""CROW, "Serial No.2940, circa 1861-1865, .58 caliber, 32"" round rifled barrel. There are no other visible armory markings on the stock "U.S. Springfield Model 1842 percussion musket .69 caliber (AL8173). Show Only with Pictures U.S. SPRINGFIELD MODEL 1861 PERCUSSION RIFLE. M1855-M1863 US Springfield Muskets SHOP Antique Firearms Antique Handguns Colt & Colt Reissue Handguns Miscellaneous Handguns Remington Handguns Smith & Wesson Handguns US Mililtary Handguns Antique Longarms Contemporary PA/KY Longarms Miscellaneous Longarms Remington Longarms Shotguns US Military Longarms Winchester Longarms 185751, made in 1882, .45-70, 32.5"" round barrel. Rough measurement of the bore indicates that it is a 50 cal., However I cannot confirm that the barrel been sleeved to reduce from it 58 cal. Now, our skilled gun makers set their sights on their next pursuit We have powder, primers, brass and bullets available as well, call to inquire. RIFLE-MUSKET c1864 TYPE II MUSKET Here we present an antique Springfield U.S. Model 1863 Type II Rifle-Musket, manufactured at, CIVIL WAR Antique U.S. BURNSIDE Model 1864 5th Model SADDLE RING Carbine Classic PERCUSSION Carbine Made in Providence, RI Here we present an antique U.S. Burnside Model 1864, also, CIVIL WAR Era Antique FRENCH MUTZIG Arsenal Model 1840 PERC. During 1883 Hartley and Graham bought surplus Trapdoor rifles from the U.S. Government and had them converted (po, Springfield Armory produced Model 1884 "Trapdoor" rifle chambered in .45-70 Government. It is in surprisingly nice condition .45-70 Government, Near excellent overall condition, mixed arsenal polish. Buyer pays shipping. Lock stamped U.S. Please try a new zip code and search again. It is missing the ramrod, but otherwise complete! Magazine and it, "Dated 1855. The demand of new SPRINGFIELD ARMORY 1863 rifle's has not changed over the past 12 months. The Model 1861, with all of its variants, was the most commonly used long arm in the American Civil War, with over 700,000 manufactured. Type I .58, U.S. Springfield Model 1863 Percussion Rifle. We may have what you're looking for. My account; Instagram. Breach-loading cartridge Springfield Rifles - Antique Seller's Information When emailing or calling sellers direct, please mention that you saw their listing on GunsInternational.com Seller: AncestryGunsLLC Company: Ancestry Guns LLC Member Since: 11/3/16 State: Missouri Zip: 65203 Country: United States Phone: (314) 707-7373 Int'l Phone: 314-707-7373 Platinum Seller Basically the wood was cut away to make it unique. Theres a number of venues to research when considering purchasing your first CW musket. 461879 made in 1889, 45-70, 32.75"" round proofed barrel. One of the more historical U.S. issued rifles, these started out as .58 caliber muzzle loaders issued to the Union forces in the Civil War. Browse our 1863 Springfield musket parts and place your order today. 36 Item(s) Found Page 1 1. Receiver is dated 1894, metal and receiver are a smooth, "NSN, made in 1853, .69 caliber, 42"" proofed barrel. 1870 U.S. SPRINGFIELD TRAPDOOR CARBINE - .50-70 Cal. /* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes/media.php */. High(Bid) Time(Left) 17264689. $11.68. Stock has numerous dings and mars with a cut through about 3 inches ahead of th, ORIGINAL CIVIL WAR SPRINGFIELD U.S. MODEL 1861 RIFLE-MUSKET DATED 1861. The Model 1863 was a minor improvement over the Springfield Model 1861. The Model 1863 was produced in two . However, taking into consideration who made it and the fact that the bayonet is with it, Im wondering if you might be able to provide a range of value that it might fall under. Bored. Very good bore with strong rifling. Dennis, This example was cer, HISTORIC CIVIL WAR TOWER ENFIELD PATTERN 1856 CONFEDERATE STATES CONTRACT PERCUSSION SHORT RIFLE DATED 1861 SERIAL NUMBER 3772 WITH CSA GENERAL WILLIAM B. TALIAFERRO (MOVIE GLORY), Virginia Manufactory converted musket with 1818 dated lock plate. #gallery-1 .gallery-caption { Here we present an antique Springfield Armory U.S. Model, CIVIL WAR Antique MASS. 461879 made in 1889, 45-70, 32.75"" round proofed barrel. Rear sight has been removed. Another issue is that instead of an attached cleaning rod, it has an attachment that appears to be for a bayonet Barrel is average for the ones have seen. U.S. SPRINGFIELD MODEL 1868 TRAPDOOR RIFLE, US SPRINGFIELD/ALLIN CONVERSION MODEL 1866, US Springfield Model 1868 Trapdoor Rifle Sorry, there are no results in your area. No Reserve. Show Only Guns The rifle has flip-up front and rear sights, B5 Syst Rebarreled for 308 winchester, like new, custom tiger striped maple stock, buyer pays shipping, 3% credit card fee- no New York sales unless you are law enforcement, Antique (Pre-1899) Rifles - Flintlock Misc, Antique (Pre-1899) Rifles - Matchlock/Wheellock Misc, Century Arms International (CAI) - Rifles, Muzzleloading Modern & Replica Rifles (perc), Winchester Rifles - Modern Bolt/Auto/Single, Winchester Rifles - Pre-1899 Bolt/Single Shot, Century Arms International (CAI) - Pistols, Colt Automatic Pistols (.25, .32, & .380 cal), Colt Single Action Revolvers - Modern (22 Cal. Stock is in near excellent condition w, SPRINGFIELD TRAP DOOR 50-70 GOVERMENT MODEL 1866 LOCK PLATE 1864 BORE EXCELLENT BARREL SILVER TRIGGER GUARD SILVER THREE BARREL BANDS AND THEY ARE SILVER NO RUST OR PITTING. SPRINGFIELD MODEL 1861 RIFLED MUSKET. handbook which said maybe it was real and maybe it wasn't. Cadet with bayonet Only 4,000 cadet muskets were manufactured at Springfield c. 1852-1853. Clement U.S. Model 1861 Percussion Rifle Musket in .58 Caliber * Cut-Down or Artillery Model with 31" Inch Barre, Mid-CIVIL WAR Antique SPENCER REPEATING RIFLE CO. .52 Cal. They are noteworthy in that the second type Model 1884 cadet rifle was the last of the famed trapdoor line prior to swit, Antique US SPRINGFIELD Model 1873 TRAPDOOR .45-70 GOVT Caliber CADET Rifle Manufactured at the Height of the Indian Wars! $4,250.00 NSN, circa 1865, .58RF, 37.5" round barrel. The lock plate is stamped with 1865 behind the hammer with an eagle and US Springfield in front of the hammer. **NEW**, Springfield Waypoint 2020 6.5 Creedmoor #BAW92265CMG. The bore is bright. Cartouche is visible as, "Serial No. The r, Here is aSpringfield 1873 Trapdoor - 45-70 Govt with high arch breech block. From the looks of your website you know a thing or two about this topic. Here we present an antique U.S. Springfield Model 1816 Flintlock Musket, manufactured circa 1832 at t, Antique US SPRINGFIELD ARMORY Model 1816 Percussion CONE Conversion Musket Converted Flintlock to Percussion U.S. Military Weapon Here we present an antique Springfield U.S. Model 1816 Conversio, Guns Listing ID: 719337Antique Springfield 1884 Trapdoor Carbine Rifle. Overall very good plus condition, barrel is in the bright with minor pin-prick surface oxidation noted.